That domain name shines due to the fact good recombinational desert. Zero CO otherwise gene transformation event is actually seen in the a roughly 400 kb area close the two linked intercourse determination genes, csd and you can fem (Additional file step one: Contour S14). We suggest that, since the heterozygosity out-of csd establishes the intercourse regarding honeybee [56,57] and you will diploid homozygotes is actually sterile people, gene conversion process contained in this domain could well be disadvantageous. Just like the gene conversion is associated one another that have CO and you can NCO situations, all of the recombination is abolished to cease homogenization. A lack of recombination plus forces the two loci to behave because a single haplotype.
Our effect stands within the hitting compare so you’re able to an earlier report that receive exceptionally high CO rates in the vicinity of the new csd locus. A potential resolution of inconsistent claims would be the fact whilst in this new quick vicinity of your genetics there isn’t any recombination, this is counterbalanced of the oddly higher costs regarding the covers proximal toward wasteland. A lowered resolution research manage place the better rates on the spans. Consistent with which we observe a high height regarding recombination in the brand new instantaneous area of one’s plateau (Most document step one: Figure S14).
Discussion
Our very own research add to the opinion you to societal hymenoptera features one another large and highly variable crossing-more cost. In reality, the interest rate ranged ranging from 0 and 197 cM/Mb whenever measured for the non-overlapping 200 kb screen across the chromosomes (Profile step 3, Shape S8 from inside the Additional document 1 and Table S6 for the Most file dos), recommending the newest very uneven shipping gay hookup Ventura off crossovers on genome. The fresh contour of 37 cM/Mb, while you are highest getting animals, has been below you to definitely seen for many fungus and protozoans, in which pricing over sixty cM/Mb try stated . To the best of the training, brand new estimate ways a top crossing-more than price than seen in one plant otherwise animal.
A reduced NCO gene rate of conversion
While our study finds evidence consistent with several theoretical predictions, cause and effect are always hard to disentangle from correlation alone. For example, in principle the diversity/crossing-over coupling is also consistent with the notion that crossing over occurs preferentially in domains of high diversity and with the notion that crossing over is mutagenic . Similarly, the correlation between recombination rate and GC content is consistent with both the possibility that crossing over forces a high GC content and with the possibility that a high GC content favors increased crossing over. The conventional wisdom holds that recombination forces heteroduplexes within which mismatches require resolution. If this resolution is biased towards G and C residues (biased gene conversion), then a correlation between GC and recombination rate is expected . Previous analyses in honey bee have demonstrated fixation biases toward GC in high recombination parts of the genome . Evidence to support this direction for the causal arrow requires SNP analysis showing a bias to AT- > GC SNPs being fixed (or otherwise favored) compared to GC- > AT SNPs at sites of recombination. The key events here are most probably crossover-associated gene conversion events, but for these we cannot determine the direction of conversion and we are likely to be missing the majority of them. In our identified NCO events, if u is the number of AT > GC SNPs per A or T and v is the number of GC > AT SNPs per G or C, then the ratio of u/v is 1.06, which is slightly greater than the null (from stochastic simulations with 10,000 repeats: P <0.08). Being on the edge of significance, we cannot robustly say that NCO is or is not associated with GC-biased gene conversion.